The “fight or flight” response, also known as the stress response, is how our body prepares to face or avoid danger. While this response can help us tackle challenges, it becomes problematic when triggered by everyday issues like money problems, traffic, work stress, or relationship troubles.
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This constant stress can lead to health issues such as high blood pressure, which is a major risk factor for heart disease. It can also weaken the immune system, making us more prone to colds and other illnesses, and contribute to anxiety and depression. While we can’t avoid all stress, we can learn healthier ways to respond to it. One effective method is the relaxation response, a concept developed in the 1970s by Dr. Herbert Benson at Harvard Medical School. This state of deep rest can be achieved through techniques like meditation, yoga, and progressive muscle relaxation.
A key part of these techniques is breath focus, which involves learning to breathe deeply.
Benefits of Deep Breathing
Deep breathing, also known as diaphragmatic, abdominal, belly breathing, or paced respiration, involves taking air in through your nose until your lungs are full and your lower belly rises. Many people find deep breathing unnatural due to cultural pressures to maintain a flat stomach, which leads to shallow “chest breathing” and increased tension and anxiety.
Shallow breathing limits the diaphragm’s movement, reducing oxygen intake and causing shortness of breath and anxiety. Deep abdominal breathing promotes full oxygen exchange, which can slow the heartbeat and lower or stabilize blood pressure.
Practicing Breath Focus
Breath focus helps you concentrate on slow, deep breathing and distracts you from stressful thoughts. It’s especially useful if you tend to hold it in your stomach.
First Steps:
Find a quiet, comfortable place to sit or lie down.
Take a normal breath, then a deep breath: inhale slowly through your nose, letting your chest and lower belly rise as your lungs fill. Let your abdomen expand fully.
Exhale slowly through your mouth (or nose if that feels more natural).
Regular Practice:
Once you’re comfortable with the basics, practice controlled breathing regularly. Sit comfortably with your eyes closed, combine deep breathing with calming imagery, and use a focus word or phrase to help you relax.
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Social media and stores are full of products that promise perfect skin. These products are increasingly marketed not just to adults but also to teens and tweens. While many are harmless, some can cause skin irritation and be expensive. Even if they are harmless, do they promote unhealthy ideas about beauty?
From a medical perspective, most teens and tweens don’t need specialized skin products, especially expensive ones. But let’s discuss when they might be useful.
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When should teens and tweens use specialized skin products?
1. When a doctor recommends it. If your child has a skin condition like eczema or psoriasis, over-the-counter products might help. For eczema, fragrance-free cleansers and moisturizers are usually recommended. Always ask your doctor which brands to use and how to use them.
2. If they have dry or sensitive skin, Fragrance-free cleansers and non-irritating moisturizers (creams and ointments are better than lotions) are good choices. If you have questions or the products aren’t helping, consult your doctor.
What about acne products?
It’s rare to go through adolescence without a pimple. If your child is bothered by pimples, acne products from the pharmacy might help. Mild cleansers are better than those with alcohol. Look for cleansers for dry skin or eczema. Over-the-counter acne treatments often contain benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, azelaic acid, or alpha-hydroxy acids. Adapalene can help with stubborn pimples. Avoid astringents or exfoliants,, as they can irritate the skin. Talk to your doctor about the best options, especially if over-the-counter products aren’t working. There are many prescription treatments available.
Have you heard of Mpox? Wondering why it's making headlines again?
Many of us first learned of mpox (previously known as monkeypox) in 2022, when the largest known outbreak affected approximately 100,000 people across more than 100 nations. While mpox is commonly seen in central and western Africa, the 2022 outbreak expanded fast from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to previously unknown locations. Before the epidemic was contained, the United States alone reported over 32,000 infections and 58 deaths.
A new outbreak of mpox has brought it back into the spotlight. What should you know and do about the latest global health emergency? What are your risks? Are vaccinations available? How do you avoid spreading mpox?
What is unique about the 2024 mpox outbreak?
This time, the virus has a new variant known as Clade 1b that is spreading swiftly. That is why the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a second global health emergency in August 2024.
More than 15,600 cases and 500 deaths have been reported so far, with the majority occurring in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. And mpox has been discovered in countries where no cases had previously been reported, such as Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda. Recent instances in Sweden and Thailand have prompted public health officials to prepare for further international spread, potentially to Asia, Europe, and the United States.
Mpox: 6 Things You Should Know
What is mpox, and how is it transmitted?
Mpox is a viral infection caused by viruses from the same family as smallpox. Certain animals in central and western Africa, such as squirrels and rats, are prone to it. People can become infected by interaction with sick animals. Mpox can be transmitted from person to person via close physical contact, including intercourse.
What are the symptoms of mpox?
Mpox causes flu-like symptoms, fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and a distinct rash. The rash normally appears a few days after the infection, as little flat areas. Over the course of a week or two, the spots develop into little fluid-filled bumps (vesicles) similar to chickenpox, followed by bigger pus-filled blisters. The blisters will scab and recover over the next week or two. After then, a person is no longer contagious.
Although the condition is often minor, some patients have problems. Serious problems include pneumonia, eyesight loss from an eye infection, and sepsis, a potentially fatal infection.
What are your chances of having mpox?
Location and activities influence your risk of contracting mpox.
Risk rises if you
possess bedding, clothing, or other items or surfaces touched by an infected person; live in or travel to an area where the mpox virus is endemic, meaning it is present in the environment, such as in the soil; be a man who engages in frequent sex with men and has multiple sexual partners.
When patients develop mpox, the risk factors for experiencing more severe disease or consequences, including pneumonia, are:
Pregnancy, young age (particularly for children under 1), compromised immune system, and eczema can all weaken the skin barrier.
Why is the mpox outbreak so concerning?
The present outbreak of mpox is particularly concerning because the virus strain is more deadly than in 2022. The virus is spreading faster and reaching areas where mpox had not previously been discovered.
Furthermore, the current outbreak has disproportionately affected children and teenagers, many of whom are already malnourished or have other infections like cholera.
Are there any mpox vaccinations or treatments?
There are two vaccines available to prevent mpox in the United States:
- Jynneos is licensed for the prevention of smallpox and mpox. It requires two injections, four weeks apart.
- ACAM2000 is a vaccination that is authorized for the prevention of smallpox and is thought to be effective against mpox. It could be made available if necessary, but its probable negative effects make it a secondary option.
Tecovirimat, an antiviral medication, is approved to treat smallpox. Animal research indicates that it may be useful in treating mpox as well. The medication is now being studied as an mpox treatment and may be available by joining a study. A 2024 study indicated that tecovirimat did not shorten the duration of symptoms in adults and children with Clade 1 mpox. However, the death rate (1.7%) was half that what was predicted. However, it remains unclear if the low fatality rate was related to drug treatment.
Understanding Bronchitis and Its Treatment
Bronchitis, an upper respiratory infection, often lasts longer than a common cold but usually doesn’t need antibiotics or medical treatment. While adults get several colds each year, bronchitis, or “chest colds,” are less common, affecting about 5% of adults annually. The persistent cough that comes with bronchitis makes it seem more serious, leading many to visit their primary care provider.
What is bronchitis?
Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchi, the tubes that carry air from the windpipe to the lungs. It often starts as an infection in the nose, sinuses, ears, or throat and then moves to the bronchi.
The main symptom is a cough, which can be dry or produce phlegm that may be yellow or green, indicating your body is fighting the infection. Other symptoms include fatigue, sore throat, chest discomfort, wheezing, or shortness of breath. Like a cold, bronchitis usually resolves on its own, but symptoms can last up to three weeks. You might feel better in a week, but the cough can linger for another two weeks or more.
Treating Bronchitis
Treat bronchitis similarly to a cold: rest, drink plenty of fluids, and take acetaminophen for pain. Inhaling steam from a vaporizer or hot water, or taking a hot shower, can help loosen phlegm. Over-the-counter cough suppressants can help you manage symptoms during the day and sleep better at night.
With rising temperatures due to climate change, it’s important to find ways to stay cool. Just walking across a parking lot in the heat can make you sweat. This summer has been tough for everyone.
Don’t wait until you’re overheated to cool down. Be aware of high temperatures throughout your day and try these 14 tips to stay cool:
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Don’t wait until you’re overheated to cool down. Be aware of high temperatures throughout your day and try these 14 tips to stay cool:
.png "15 Tips to Stay Cool in Hot Weather")
Cover the Basics
- Check the weather: Use a weather app to track hourly temperatures and plan your day around the hottest times.
- Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids to replace what you lose through sweat. Women need about 11 cups (88 ounces) and men need about 15 cups (120 ounces) per day. If you’re outdoors a lot, you’ll need even more.
- Seek air conditioning: Spend time in air-conditioned places during the hottest parts of the day. If you don’t have AC, visit a mall, library, movie theater, or cooling center.
- Use fans wisely: Fans can help cool you down by blowing heat away from your body. If the air is hot, wet your skin with a spray bottle or wet wipe to promote evaporative cooling.
- Take breaks: Pace yourself during outdoor activities. Physical work generates heat, so be active for short periods and rest in between.
6. Bring Cool-Downs: Always carry water, a handheld fan, wet wipes, and ice packs when you go out.
7. Wear loose clothing: lightweight, loose-fitting clothes allow air to reach your skin and help you stay cool.
8. Try High-Tech Clothes: Consider clothes with cooling technology, like special fabrics that stay damp and pull heat from your body.
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Q: I’m 55, and a friend my age just got the shingles vaccine and urged me to do the same. But I’ve heard the shots can cause severe arm pain for days. Is it really worth it?
A: Yes, it usually is. The shingles vaccine, given in two doses over several months, helps prevent a much bigger problem than a sore arm or other side effects like fatigue, fever, and achiness.
The vaccine called Shingrix is very effective against shingles, which is a reactivation of the chickenpox virus that stays dormant in your nerves. Shingles can cause a very painful skin rash and may lead to a complication called postherpetic neuralgia, which is severe nerve pain that can last for months or even years after the rash disappears.
It’s smarter to prevent these issues rather than avoid the shingles vaccine because of temporary side effects. Shingrix is FDA-approved for adults 50 and older. Discuss your concerns with your doctor and get her advice.
Diets high in sodium are linked to higher risks for a number of illnesses, including high blood pressure, renal disease, heart attacks, strokes, and more. Furthermore, a study that was published online in JAMA Dermatology on June 5, 2024, indicates that consuming a diet high in salt may also raise the chance of exacerbating eczema, a common form of atopic dermatitis that is characterized by rashes and dry, itchy skin. Researchers examined the medical records of almost 215,000 participants (aged 37 to 73) who had each provided a urine sample. The average amount of sodium taken in the previous 24 hours was determined to be 3 grams when scientists examined the sodium levels in the urine samples.There was an 11% increase in the likelihood of developing eczema, a 16% increase in the likelihood of a flare-up, and an 11% increase in the likelihood of a severe case for every extra gram of excreted salt over the average. The study did not show that consuming sodium causes eczema, even though it did find a link. Nonetheless, a number of compelling studies have demonstrated the connection between elevated salt consumption and various health issues. Therefore, if you are consuming more sodium than the recommended daily allowance of 2,300 mg, or roughly 2.3 grams, it would not harm to reduce your intake.
.png "Who needs the RSV vaccine this year?")
Have you received the RSV vaccine yet? RSV is a potentially serious virus that can cause common cold symptoms, upper respiratory infections, or lower respiratory infections like pneumonia. Last year, the CDC recommended the RSV vaccine for infants, young children, and all adults aged 60 and older. This year, the guidance has changed. Now, the RSV vaccine is recommended for infants, young children, everyone aged 75 and older, and people aged 60 to 74 who are at higher risk for severe RSV, such as those with lung or heart disease or those living in nursing homes. If you’re an adult under 75 and not at increased risk, you can skip the shot for now. This update follows concerns about the vaccine’s rare association with Guillain-Barre syndrome, a condition that can cause paralysis.
Photo credit: Fluxfactory
Though revised guidelines from 2019 warn against that treatment in many circumstances, a national poll indicates that one in four older persons take aspirin routinely in hopes of preventing a heart attack or stroke.
Though aspirin can also cause major bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract and the brain, it helps prevent blood clots that might lead to a heart attack or stroke. For individuals who have already had a heart attack or are at great risk of having one, daily low-dose aspirin is advised with a better awareness of the risk. However, 57% of adults who take aspirin on a regular basis reported having no history of cardiovascular disease. Over one-third seem to be unaware of the risk of bleeding connected with aspirin.
People without heart problems should consult their doctor before starting, maintaining, or discontinuing regular aspirin use. The March 2024 University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging examined a national sample of 2,657 persons aged 50 to 80.
We are following the research. Harvard health
Photo by Michelle Leman
Cocktails at cruising altitude come with potential serious health risks.
When we have had a long day before the flight, we tend to want to relax during the flight. Some relax by drinking alcohol. While it might sound like a fun way to celebrate the start of a trip, there’s something important to consider: drinking alcohol on a plane could actually be risky. If you’re planning to catch some sleep on a long-haul flight, you might want to think twice about ordering that champagne.
What happens to your body when you are in the air?
Once you’re cruising at high altitude, the lower atmospheric pressure means your body gets less oxygen. Normally, your blood oxygen levels hover around 96% to 100%, but up in the sky, they can drop to about 90% or even lower.
To adjust, your body kicks into high gear: you start breathing faster to get more oxygen, and your heart pumps quicker to circulate blood throughout your system. This works for most people, but heart conditions can make it difficult.
Things get even more complicated when you throw alcohol into the mix. According to Dr. Matthew Mosquera, a medical expert from McLean Hospital, alcohol can mess with how your red blood cells pick up oxygen. It disrupts hemoglobin, the molecule responsible for carrying oxygen, making it harder for your body to stay oxygenated.
So, if you've got your boarding pass and a drink order in mind, here are some things you might want to think about. There are a few factors that can make your blood oxygen levels drop even more on a plane:
Aging: As we get older, our bodies become less efficient at adjusting to changes in oxygen levels.
Sleeping: Our breathing naturally slows down while we sleep, and this can be even more pronounced on a plane.
Underlying conditions: If you have lung disease, sleep apnea (where you briefly stop breathing while you sleep), or heart issues, less oxygen will reach your lungs.
Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne illness, is on the rise in the US. Here’s a quick guide on what dengue is and how you can protect yourself:
Mosquitoes are way more than just an annoying buzz in the summer. They can actually carry some pretty serious diseases, like West Nile virus, malaria, and Zika. Recently, there's been a strange increase in dengue fever cases in the US, which is a bit concerning.
So, what’s dengue and where is it showing up in the US? Dengue is caused by one of four related viruses, and not everyone who gets it will feel sick. If you do get symptoms, it usually feels like the flu and starts a few days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. If you have a fever and any of these symptoms—headaches, joint or muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, or a rash—it's a good idea to see a doctor, especially if you’ve been in an area where dengue is common.
Severe cases of dengue can be serious, leading to symptoms like low blood pressure, bleeding, stomach swelling, or extreme fatigue. These need immediate medical attention, and often require hospital care. But don’t worry too much—deaths from dengue in the US are rare.
Dengue isn’t spread directly from person to person; it’s spread through mosquitoes that have bitten someone already infected. So, if someone travels from a high-risk area with dengue and then gets bitten by a mosquito in the US, that mosquito can spread the virus further.
In the US, dengue cases are mostly reported in places like Puerto Rico, American Samoa, and the US Virgin Islands, and in states like Florida, New York, Massachusetts, and California. While there’s been an increase, it’s still not as widespread as in other parts of the world.
So, what’s dengue and where is it showing up in the US? Dengue is caused by one of four related viruses, and not everyone who gets it will feel sick. If you do get symptoms, it usually feels like the flu and starts a few days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. If you have a fever and any of these symptoms—headaches, joint or muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, or a rash—it's a good idea to see a doctor, especially if you’ve been in an area where dengue is common.
Severe cases of dengue can be serious, leading to symptoms like low blood pressure, bleeding, stomach swelling, or extreme fatigue. These need immediate medical attention, and often require hospital care. But don’t worry too much—deaths from dengue in the US are rare.
Dengue isn’t spread directly from person to person; it’s spread through mosquitoes that have bitten someone already infected. So, if someone travels from a high-risk area with dengue and then gets bitten by a mosquito in the US, that mosquito can spread the virus further.
In the US, dengue cases are mostly reported in places like Puerto Rico, American Samoa, and the US Virgin Islands, and in states like Florida, New York, Massachusetts, and California. While there’s been an increase, it’s still not as widespread as in other parts of the world.
According to a Pew Research Center survey, about one-third of US adults—including more than half of women ages 18 to 49—have tattoos. Over the past 20 years, there has been a significant increase in these numbers: in 2003, 16% of US adults and 21% of adults in 2012 reported having at least one tattoo.
Is the recent headline making you anxious? Then you need to keep reading.
Which study, are they referring to? To what extent should you be concerned? Together, let's get through it. It's impossible to deny that this issue is much more complex than what the headlines portray.
Tattoos May Raise Your Chance of Lymphoma, According to a Study (OnlyMyHealth)
According to a study, getting inked increases your risk of developing cancer (NDTV).
Inky waters: A study found that tattoos raise the risk of lymphoma by more than 20%. (Local12.com)
A startling study has found that tattoos can raise your risk of cancer by 20%. (Fox News)
Why are scientists looking into a potential connection between lymphoma and tattoos?
According to statistics, approximately 90,000 new cases of lymphoma are identified each year, making it one of the most common forms of cancer. Lymphoma is a type of cancer that develops in the lymphatic system, a network of vessels and organs that help to protect the body from infection. There are several different types of lymphoma, each with its own unique characteristics and treatment options.
Among the risk factors for it are:
People are getting older.
Specific illnesses (such as hepatitis C, HIV, and Epstein-Barr virus).
Exposure to specific substances (like pesticides or benzene, perhaps).
Radiation exposure (from nuclear reactor accidents or after radiation therapy) and a family history of lymphoma.
Having immune system disorders, some immunological diseases (such as celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or Sjogren's disease).
Is the recent headline making you anxious? Then you need to keep reading.
Which study, are they referring to? To what extent should you be concerned? Together, let's get through it. It's impossible to deny that this issue is much more complex than what the headlines portray.
Tattoos May Raise Your Chance of Lymphoma, According to a Study (OnlyMyHealth)
According to a study, getting inked increases your risk of developing cancer (NDTV).
Inky waters: A study found that tattoos raise the risk of lymphoma by more than 20%. (Local12.com)
A startling study has found that tattoos can raise your risk of cancer by 20%. (Fox News)
Why are scientists looking into a potential connection between lymphoma and tattoos?
According to statistics, approximately 90,000 new cases of lymphoma are identified each year, making it one of the most common forms of cancer. Lymphoma is a type of cancer that develops in the lymphatic system, a network of vessels and organs that help to protect the body from infection. There are several different types of lymphoma, each with its own unique characteristics and treatment options.
Among the risk factors for it are:
People are getting older.
Specific illnesses (such as hepatitis C, HIV, and Epstein-Barr virus).
Exposure to specific substances (like pesticides or benzene, perhaps).
Radiation exposure (from nuclear reactor accidents or after radiation therapy) and a family history of lymphoma.
Having immune system disorders, some immunological diseases (such as celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or Sjogren's disease).
Do you ever take a look at the notes your doctor or health practitioner writes during a medical visit? If not, it's worth considering checking them out. These medical notes are usually filled with valuable information about your health and reminders of the recommendations that were discussed. Medicalese is a language that includes difficult-to-pronounce illnesses, medications, and technical terms.
You may be surprised to find inaccurate information or unexpected language, tone, or even innuendo in your medical records. Was your past medical history truly "unremarkable"? Did you truly "deny" drinking alcohol? Did the note describe you as "unreliable"?
Here's how to decode unfamiliar jargon, comprehend some unexpected descriptors, and flag any mistakes you discover.
Complex disease names: Have you ever heard of "multicentric reticulohistiocytosis" or "progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?" These are just two of many examples.
The use of common language in unusual ways: For example, your medical history may be described as "unremarkable" and test results as "within normal limits" rather than "normal."
Abbreviations: You might see "VSS" and "RRR," which stand for "vital signs stable" and "regular rate and rhythm," respectively.
If you are having trouble understanding a note, your health issues, tests, or recommendations, contact your doctor's office for clarification. The more you are informed about your health and your treatment options, the better.
You may be surprised to find inaccurate information or unexpected language, tone, or even innuendo in your medical records. Was your past medical history truly "unremarkable"? Did you truly "deny" drinking alcohol? Did the note describe you as "unreliable"?
Here's how to decode unfamiliar jargon, comprehend some unexpected descriptors, and flag any mistakes you discover.
Photo by CDC
What is included in a medical note?
A standard medical note contains several sections. These include:
* A description of the patient's current symptoms
* Past medical problems
* A list of medications taken
* Family medical history
* Social habits, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, or drug use
* Details of the physical examination
* Test results
* A discussion of the overall picture, along with recommendations for further evaluation or treatment.
Notes for new patients or annual exams are often more comprehensive. Follow-up notes may not include all of these points.
What may be confusing about medical notes?
Medical notes are not usually written in plain language because they are not primarily intended for a lay audience. As a result, you're likely to come across:
Medical jargon: You had an upset stomach and a fever. Doctors may say "dyspepsia" (upset stomach) and "febrile" (fever).
A standard medical note contains several sections. These include:
* A description of the patient's current symptoms
* Past medical problems
* A list of medications taken
* Family medical history
* Social habits, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, or drug use
* Details of the physical examination
* Test results
* A discussion of the overall picture, along with recommendations for further evaluation or treatment.
Notes for new patients or annual exams are often more comprehensive. Follow-up notes may not include all of these points.
What may be confusing about medical notes?
Medical notes are not usually written in plain language because they are not primarily intended for a lay audience. As a result, you're likely to come across:
Medical jargon: You had an upset stomach and a fever. Doctors may say "dyspepsia" (upset stomach) and "febrile" (fever).
Complex disease names: Have you ever heard of "multicentric reticulohistiocytosis" or "progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?" These are just two of many examples.
The use of common language in unusual ways: For example, your medical history may be described as "unremarkable" and test results as "within normal limits" rather than "normal."
Abbreviations: You might see "VSS" and "RRR," which stand for "vital signs stable" and "regular rate and rhythm," respectively.
If you are having trouble understanding a note, your health issues, tests, or recommendations, contact your doctor's office for clarification. The more you are informed about your health and your treatment options, the better.
Grab your gym clothes and walking shoes because your friend is probably right. While there haven't been many studies on exercise protecting against infections, the few that exist all suggest it does.
The biggest study on this, done by Harvard Medical School, was published in JAMA Network Open in February 2024.
The study tracked almost 62,000 adults aged 45 and above from before the COVID pandemic started in early 2020 until the end of 2022. Researchers gathered information on factors like chronic diseases, income levels, and lifestyle habits that might affect the risk of infection. They also kept an eye on who got COVID-19 and how severe their symptoms were.
Out of all the participants, 69% were considered "sufficiently active," meaning they did moderate to vigorous exercise for at least 150 minutes every week. Another 11% were "insufficiently active," and 20% didn't exercise at all.
The results showed that those who kept up with enough physical activity were 10% less likely to get COVID-19 and 27% less likely to be hospitalized because of the virus compared to those who didn't exercise. This protective effect was especially clear among women. Interestingly, people who exercised a little (but not enough to meet the recommended amount) didn't see much better results than those who didn't exercise at all. These findings suggest that a good amount of physical activity is needed to protect against COVID-19.
Do you need a little extra push to increase your daily steps? According to a study published online on April 7, 2024, by Circulation, reminders or rewards might help. In the study, researchers asked over a thousand people (average age 67) to wear activity trackers, walk daily, and set step goals. They were then randomly placed into one of four groups, each receiving different encouragement to exercise: the chance to win game points, earn money, get both money and game points, or receive a daily text message with their previous day's step count. After one year, all groups increased their daily steps by at least 1,500.
In contrast to the message-only group, participants in the money or game points groups walked over 500 more steps daily, while those in the combined incentives group walked nearly 900 more steps daily. Would you like to give this a try at home? Use a walking app that gives game points and incentives, and set a phone reminder to work out.
Photo by Boys in Bristol Photography
Q. It's happening again: every summer, I get bitten by mosquitoes far more than my family and friends. Why does this happen?
A. You're not imagining it. Some people are naturally more attractive to mosquitoes than others. Scientists are still trying to understand why, but they believe it has to do with each person's unique scent, which is created by a variety of molecules throughout the body. This scent, unlike underarm odor, is not something you can change, so there's no need to worry.
Other factors, such as blood type and breathing patterns, also seem to influence mosquito attraction. For example, people with Type O blood tend to attract more mosquitoes. Additionally, breathing heavily, like after exercising, releases more carbon dioxide, which mosquitoes find appealing.
To reduce the chances of getting bitten, try a few simple strategies. When spending time outdoors, use fragrance-free personal care products and wear long, light-colored sleeves and pants. Apply insect repellent to exposed skin. Additionally, using a fan, especially around your feet and ankles where mosquitoes tend to gather, can help keep them away.
Photo by Jimmy Chan
Why do mosquitoes bite me so much? People with Type O blood tend to attract more mosquitoes.
A. You're not imagining it. Some people are naturally more attractive to mosquitoes than others. Scientists are still trying to understand why, but they believe it has to do with each person's unique scent, which is created by a variety of molecules throughout the body. This scent, unlike underarm odor, is not something you can change, so there's no need to worry.
Other factors, such as blood type and breathing patterns, also seem to influence mosquito attraction. For example, people with Type O blood tend to attract more mosquitoes. Additionally, breathing heavily, like after exercising, releases more carbon dioxide, which mosquitoes find appealing.
To reduce the chances of getting bitten, try a few simple strategies. When spending time outdoors, use fragrance-free personal care products and wear long, light-colored sleeves and pants. Apply insect repellent to exposed skin. Additionally, using a fan, especially around your feet and ankles where mosquitoes tend to gather, can help keep them away.
Photo by Jimmy Chan
Concerns about the health effects of microplastics continue to rise. A new study reveals that individuals with microplastics in the plaque blocking their neck arteries are significantly more likely to experience a heart attack or stroke compared to those with plastic-free plaque.
Researchers analyzed plaque from the neck arteries of 257 individuals and discovered tiny plastic particles, mainly polyethylene and some polyvinyl chloride, in 58% of the samples. After nearly three years, those with microplastics in their plaque had a 4.5 times higher rate of heart attack, stroke, and death compared to those without.
While these findings are observational and cannot definitively link microplastics to these health issues, other unmeasured factors may also contribute. This study was published in the March 7, 2024, issue of The New England Journal of Medicine.
Polyethylene, used in making plastic bags and bottles, slowly breaks down and can be found in food and water, potentially explaining how microplastics enter the body.
When it's hot, hazy, and humid outside, be cautious with outdoor activities to safeguard your heart.
During the summer of 2023, record-breaking high temperatures scorched many regions of the United States. Unsurprisingly, emergency department visits for heat-related illnesses also increased during that period, according to the CDC. This concerning trend is expected to continue as climate change leads to longer, hotter, and more frequent episodes of extreme heat.
Individuals with underlying health issues, particularly cardiovascular disease, are more susceptible to the dangers of high temperatures. Air pollution, another risk to heart health, can also be problematic during the summer months.
Why Heat is Hard on the Heart
People with or at risk for cardiovascular disease should be more cautious when exercising outside in hot weather. When temperatures rise, exercise becomes more demanding because the heart has to pump extra blood to both the muscles and the skin to help dissipate excess heat. However, when the air temperature nears body temperature (around 98°F), this cooling process becomes ineffective. Sweating helps cool the body by turning liquid sweat into water vapor, but high humidity levels above 75% make evaporation more difficult.
Hot-Weather Tips
It's still important to exercise during warm weather, but you may need to lower your intensity. Here are some additional tips for exercising safely during heat waves:
Avoid outdoor activity during the hottest part of the day: Temperatures usually peak between noon and 3 p.m., so consider exercising in the early morning or early evening, away from traffic-heavy areas.
Choose the right attire: Wear lightweight, light-colored clothing made from sweat-wicking material to stay cooler.
Stay hydrated: Drink water throughout the day, especially when active outdoors. For exercise lasting more than an hour, sports drinks are better as they contain electrolytes like potassium, sodium, and magnesium, which replenish what you lose from sweating. People on blood pressure medications, particularly diuretics, should be extra careful to drink plenty of water. Exercise in water or air-conditioned spaces:
On extremely hot days, consider swimming, doing water aerobics, or working out in an air-conditioned fitness center.
Does the smoke from wildfires aggravate eczema flare-ups and other skin conditions?
Are you dealing with itchy, irritated skin that you can't stop scratching? Or have you noticed that your child's eczema has suddenly gotten worse and is hard to manage? More and more evidence suggests that wildfires, which are becoming more intense and frequent, are making skin problems like eczema worse.
What is eczema?
Eczema is a common, long-lasting skin condition that affects about one in 10 people in the US. It causes red, dry, and itchy patches of skin. The most common type of eczema is atopic dermatitis, which often runs in families and usually starts in childhood. In the northern hemisphere, it typically gets worse in the winter when the weather is cold and dry. However, experts are now seeing this pattern change. For example, at Massachusetts General Hospital, one dermatologist noticed a big increase in eczema flare-ups last summer.
Why is eczema getting worse during summer?
In 2023, Canada had over 6,000 wildfires that burned more than 16 million hectares of land — an area larger than the entire state of Georgia. Although the fires were far away, the smoke traveled across the US and more than 2,000 miles in Europe. The poor air quality from these distant wildfires caused eye and throat irritation and made it hard to breathe.
In Boston, Dr. Arianne Shadi Kourosh, a dermatologist at Massachusetts General Hospital, also noticed skin problems. Usually, dermatology clinics would see fewer than 20 people during a summer month for eczema, including atopic dermatitis. Suddenly, that number jumped to 160. Her research showed that the number of visits for these skin complaints matched the level of air pollution. Other studies have also found more eczema and psoriasis flare-ups linked to wildfire pollution. But why is this happening?
Researchers think that pollutants in the air might trigger a series of reactions in the body by causing oxidative stress, which damages the skin and leads to inflammation. This process may also play a role in the development of eczema.
What can you do to protect your skin?
Air pollutants from wildfire smoke can harm many parts of your body, including your skin. So, when the air quality is bad due to wildfires, limiting your exposure can help reduce health risks. This is also true for industrial air pollution, but wildfire pollution might be worse because it has more toxic particles.
Here are some tips to protect your skin:
- Seek help if you're itching: If you think wildfire smoke or other air pollution is affecting your skin, check with a dermatologist or your healthcare provider.
- Check local air quality: AirNow.gov provides real-time local air quality information and activity guidance. When recommended, stay indoors if possible. Close doors, windows, and any outdoor air vents.
- Protect your skin: When you're outdoors, wear a mineral-based sunscreen containing zinc or titanium. These sunscreens form a barrier that reflects UV rays and reduces the amount of pollutant particles reaching your skin. Wearing sunscreen also protects against skin cancer.
- Wash up: After being outside, cleanse your skin and apply a hypoallergenic moisturizer to keep it healthy. If you have eczema, use cleansers and moisturizers recommended by your dermatologist or healthcare provider.
By following these tips, you can help protect your skin from the harmful effects of wildfire smoke and other air pollutants.
Photo by Sippakorn Yamkasikorn
What is eczema?
Eczema is a common, long-lasting skin condition that affects about one in 10 people in the US. It causes red, dry, and itchy patches of skin. The most common type of eczema is atopic dermatitis, which often runs in families and usually starts in childhood. In the northern hemisphere, it typically gets worse in the winter when the weather is cold and dry. However, experts are now seeing this pattern change. For example, at Massachusetts General Hospital, one dermatologist noticed a big increase in eczema flare-ups last summer.
Why is eczema getting worse during summer?
In 2023, Canada had over 6,000 wildfires that burned more than 16 million hectares of land — an area larger than the entire state of Georgia. Although the fires were far away, the smoke traveled across the US and more than 2,000 miles in Europe. The poor air quality from these distant wildfires caused eye and throat irritation and made it hard to breathe.
In Boston, Dr. Arianne Shadi Kourosh, a dermatologist at Massachusetts General Hospital, also noticed skin problems. Usually, dermatology clinics would see fewer than 20 people during a summer month for eczema, including atopic dermatitis. Suddenly, that number jumped to 160. Her research showed that the number of visits for these skin complaints matched the level of air pollution. Other studies have also found more eczema and psoriasis flare-ups linked to wildfire pollution. But why is this happening?
Researchers think that pollutants in the air might trigger a series of reactions in the body by causing oxidative stress, which damages the skin and leads to inflammation. This process may also play a role in the development of eczema.
What can you do to protect your skin?
Air pollutants from wildfire smoke can harm many parts of your body, including your skin. So, when the air quality is bad due to wildfires, limiting your exposure can help reduce health risks. This is also true for industrial air pollution, but wildfire pollution might be worse because it has more toxic particles.
Here are some tips to protect your skin:
- Seek help if you're itching: If you think wildfire smoke or other air pollution is affecting your skin, check with a dermatologist or your healthcare provider.
- Check local air quality: AirNow.gov provides real-time local air quality information and activity guidance. When recommended, stay indoors if possible. Close doors, windows, and any outdoor air vents.
- Protect your skin: When you're outdoors, wear a mineral-based sunscreen containing zinc or titanium. These sunscreens form a barrier that reflects UV rays and reduces the amount of pollutant particles reaching your skin. Wearing sunscreen also protects against skin cancer.
- Wash up: After being outside, cleanse your skin and apply a hypoallergenic moisturizer to keep it healthy. If you have eczema, use cleansers and moisturizers recommended by your dermatologist or healthcare provider.
By following these tips, you can help protect your skin from the harmful effects of wildfire smoke and other air pollutants.
Although walking 10,000 steps a day is associated with the best health outcomes, a recent study found that walking as little as 2,200 steps a day is linked to a lower risk of heart disease and early death.
The investigation, which was published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine in March 2024, assessed information gathered by the UK Biobank from almost 70,000 adults, ages 53 to 69. For seven days, participants' levels of exercise were monitored via an accelerometer they wore. In the ensuing seven years, 6,190 major cardiovascular issues, such as heart attacks and strokes, were documented, and 1,633 individuals passed away.
Researchers found that walking between 9,500 and 10,500 steps a day reduced the risk of a heart attack or stroke by 21% and the risk of dying young by 39%. Regardless of how long a person spent being inactive each day, the odds of heart disease and early mortality were reduced by any amount of daily steps above 2,200. As individuals increased their daily step count, their health results improved even more.
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